Quantitative Assessment of Shallow Groundwater Sustainability in North China Plain

The depletion of shallow groundwater has seriously affected the sustainable development water resources in North China Plain (NCP). Based on 556 well monitoring observations over a period 13 years, we quantitatively evaluated sustainability NCP via various indices (e.g., reliability, resilience, vulnerability, and indices), further discussed contribution different drivers (including climatic non-climatic factors). main conclusions are summarized as follows: (1) yearly trend shows serious long-term deficit Piedmont but is not significant East-Central Plain. (2) As for NCP, reliability below medium level (reliability < 0.5) most areas ability aquifers to restore very weak (resilience 0.2), while lack storage (vulnerability 0.4). final index (<0.1) poor NCP. (3) factor dominant driver when compared factor. This result helpful formulate management policies